Physiologic "Stress" Response to Pain
- Vasoconstriction
-Increased Heart Rate and Stroke Volume
-Decreased GI & Urinary Tone
-Physiologic "Stress" Response to Pain:
-Endocrine Responses
-Nociceptive Stimulation of Brain
- Enhance Reflex Sympathetic Responses
-Immune Suppression
-Impaired Wound Healing
-Decreased Food & Water Intake
-Secondary Medical Problems
-Gastric ulcers GI Stasis
-Shock
-Death
• Higher rate of anesthetic death in exotics?
• Higher rate of death postoperatively?
How is this related to inadequate use of pre, intra & postoperative analgesics in prey species????? Stress???
Painful Disease Processes
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Behaviors Associated with Pain in Small Mammals
-Predators such as ferrets are more likely to show overt signs of pain
-Prey species such as rabbits and guinea pigs are less likely to show overt signs of pain
-Half-closed/dull/unfocused eyes
-Aggressive when normally docile
-Pressing abdomen on the floor
-Immobility/Lethargy/Isolation
-Fewer, smaller or no fecal pellets
-Vocalization (squeal may be fear in rabbits)
-Increased frequency and depth of respirations or rapid shallow breathing
-Polyuria/Polydipsia (especially w/GI pain)
-Teeth grinding (bruxism) Lameness/Ataxia
-Reluctance to curl when sleeping (ferrets) Anorexia
-Stretching w/back arched Hunched posture
-Tucked appearance Chewing at affected site
-Strained facial expression w/bulging eyes Piloerection
-Head extended and elevated Stiff movements
-Stinting on palpation Self-mutilation
-Porphyrin secretion (stress) Squinting (especially ferrets)
